If you look at
this article you will find that the earlier patent that is similar if not identical is US4557 by A. G. Bagley of New York. The same person has a total of 5 patents till 1873. If you check
here there is no earlier patent by Bagley than #4557.
The fact that 1844 is earlier than the first patent is not surprising or unusual.
It is conceivable that they started producing it and when it become "successful" they decided to patent it. This is all that we can say.
Originality and price information should be done by a specialist. David Nashimura of vintagepens.com is the first person that comes to mind.
Nice item.