I totally agree with TNS in his emphasis on manipulating light. It's really the most important elememt in photography, yet it often gets lost among all the bells & whistles of modern technology-heavy cameras. This is understandable, as manipulating light is quite demanding, complex and time-consuming. When I worked with pro photographers on heavyweight advertising photography (of Sony hardware, amongst others), about 95% of the time was spent getting the lighting "right." This could take three or four hours, allowing for test shots. Very little technology was used ... a high-quality light/flash meter, and that was it. Because avoiding any perspective distortion was crucial, a 5x4 or 10x8 folding-back camera was used, a design that has changed little since the 1900s (and can't be emulated by any digital camera without very exotic and expensive 'shift' lenses). The lighting itself was mostly by a single, vast and powerful flash unit called a "fish-fryer" measuring about 3ft x 3ft, with all fill and shading achieved by numerous reflectors of white, silver or black card.
That's how the pros do it, so how can it be done at home?
First, light diffusion is essential; the built-in flash on amateur cameras creates a horrible 'hot' and over-contrasty image. Invest in a light tent; Ebay has them at very reasonable prices, and you can then diffuse either an outboard flash unit, daylight-balanced bulbs (Ebay again), or good old-fashioned daylight itself.
Second, use reflectors to balance the light and bounce it back into the subject. You'll be amazed what this does for nibs! A reflector can be a piece of white copier paper, some silver turkey foil glued to a card, or a piece of black leather (to create rich dark shadows on shiny objects) ... anything really. For selective areas, consider ice-lolly (popsicle?) sticks with small pieces of card attached!
Third, consider investing in a light meter. This may sound insane given all the clever metering systems built into modern digicams, but these are balanced for 'typical' happy family pics with a limited tonal range. High-contrast pen pics, with extreme highlights on nibs and dark shadow areas on barrels, confuse them utterly. Instead, use a light meter to take an
incident reading (here the meter is measuring the light itself
not the way the light is being reflected), set your camera to manual and transfer the settings. Cameras' meters can't take these incident readings, which is why they often get confused by extreme contrasts, and your picture ends up either too light or too dark. All this is even more important if you use multiple flash units ... to achiere a good result without hours of trial and error, get a flash meter.
Fourth, keep your aperture setting as small as possible to maximise sharpness over the whole picture. And focus on the main point of interest on the pen, switch to manual focus to lock in the setting, then recompose your picture.
Fifth, use a remote control if you are using natural light, as the small aperture will force a slow shutter speed and even touching your camera will cause blur. (Of course you have a tripod!)
The end-result of all this is that you end up taking photographs the way your grandfather would have taken them. Control the light, use reflectors, set exposure and focus manually, and don't touch the camera on long exposures. There are no short cuts despite the claims of technology, but the results are worth the effort. And of course, digital does mean you can afford to take as many pics as the pros do, because even they don't always get it right!